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Pancreatitis (Chronic)

Aetiology

Important causes and risk factors: [Ref1][Ref2]

  • Alcohol (dose-dependent risk) – most common identified aetiological factor
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Repeated acute pancreatitis
  • Pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g. stones, strictures, trauma)
  • Autoimmune pancreatitis (most commonly IgG4-related disease)
  • Genetic predisposition (autosomal dominant PRSS1 mutation causes hereditary pancreatitis)
  • Systemic diseases
    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Severe hypertriglyceridaemia
    • Hypercalcaemia (typically from primary hyperparathyroidism)

Clinical Features

Most common: chronic / recurrent epigastric pain (continuous / intermittent) [Ref1][Ref2]

  • The pain classically radiates to the back
  • The pain is often worse after meals
  • Over time, pain may decrease or become absent due to associated pancreatic atrophy

 

Pancreatic insufficiency is another key presentation, but it takes time to manifest clinically (only when ~90% of the pancreas is destroyed) [Ref1][Ref2]

Pancreatic portion Presentation
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
  • Steatorrhoea
  • Weight loss
  • Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency (A, D, E, K)
    • Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common due to vitamin D deficiency
Pancreatic endocrine insufficiency
  • New-onset diabetes mellitus (type 3c)

Investigation and Diagnosis

Diagnostic tests: [Ref]

  • 1st line: CT abdomen with contrast (pancreatic protocol)
    • Typical findings: pancreatic calcifications, ductal dilatation, atrophy
  • 2nd line: MRI with MRCP

 

Pancreatic function tests: [Ref]

  • Testing for exocrine insufficiency → faecal elastase (↓ in chronic pancreatitis)
  • Testing for endocrine insufficiency → diabetes testing with HbA1c

 

Pancreatic function testing is adjunctive, NOT required to diagnose chronic pancreatitis. [Ref]

Don’t mix up the tests for acute and chronic pancreatitis. They are classic distractors in exam questions:

  • Acute pancreatitis: 1st line diagnostic test: amylase and/or lipase; 1st line imaging: ultrasound
  • Chronic pancreatitis: 1st diagnostic test: CT; testing for exocrine insufficiency: faecal elastase

Do not confuse faecal elastase with faecal calprotectin (which is used to test for IBD).

Acute Vs Chronic Pancreatitis

Feature Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis
Clinical Features Short history of sudden onset, severe epigastric pain
  • Post-prandial exacerbation / radiation to the back / releif on lying forward can be seen in both acute/chronic forms
Long-standing history of recurrent or persistent epigastric pain

 

May have: history of prior acute episodes, features of exocrine & endocrine pancreatic insufficiency (commoner in chronic pancreatitis)

Pancreatic Enzymes

(Amylase/lipase)

 >3x upper limit of normal Often normal or mildly elevated
Other Labs May show leukocytosis / elevated liver enzymes (if biliary etiology) Evidence of exocrine insufficiency: low fecal elastase-1, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies

Evidence of endocrine insufficiency: hyperglycemia (type 3c diabetes)

Imaging Findings CT/MRI: Enlarged, edematous pancreas; peripancreatic fluid collections; necrosis (if severe) CT/MRI: Pancreatic atrophy, calcifications, ductal irregularity/dilation, glandular fibrosis

Management

The management of chronic pancreatitis requires a comprehensive MDT approach:

Category / purpose Management
Treat reversible underlying causes Examples:
  • Treat hyperparathyroidism
  • Treat hypertriglyceridaemia
Lifestyle modification
  • Alcohol and smoking cessation
Nutritional optimisation Dietitian involvement and assessment are important:
  • High-protein, high-energy diet
  • Frequent small meals (4-6 / day) to maximise caloric intake + minimise post-prandial pain
  • Vitamin and micronutrient supplementation (esp. fat-soluble vitamins)
  • PERT (e.g. Creon) in those with exocrine insufficiency
Complication monitoring Regular surveillance of the following is recommended:
  • Diabetes (type 3c)
    • HbA1c at least every 6 months
    • Blood glucose control should be individualised, often requiring insulin
  • Exocrine function
  • Bone density assessment
  • Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic pseudocyst Pancreatic pseudocyst is a common complication, where there are encapsulated collections of pancreatic fluid.

 

Indication to treat:

  • Symptomatic (e.g. pain, vomiting, weight loss)
  • At risk of rupture
  • Infection suspected
  • Associated with pancreatic duct disruption
  • Putting pressure on large vessels / diaphragm

 

Management:

  • 1st line: endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage / endoscopic transpapillary drainage
  • 2nd line: surgical drainage (laparoscopic / open)

Reference

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